IMPLIKASI AUKUS TERHADAP HUBUNGAN EKONOMI AUSTRALIA DAN TIONGKOK TAHUN 2021-2022
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.59408/bjgs.v1i2.55Keywords:
Australia, China, National Interest, Economy, NeorealismAbstract
This research analyzes economic relations between China and Australia after Australia joined defense technology cooperation AUKUS. The United States, United Kingdom, and Australia established AUKUS to contain China in Indo-Pacific, which is the center of world economics and geopolitics today. This research, therefore, aims to discuss the impact of AUKUS towards economic relations between China and Australia in 2021 and 2022. Using a qualitative research method and Kenneth Waltz’s neorealism theory and national interest concept, the author found that Australia's foreign policy to become AUKUS member worsened its economic relations with China. In 2021, China suspended the entry of import commodities from Australia to politically retaliate Australia. By banning Australia’s commodities, China not only sought to attack Australian trade, but also defended its national interests in state sovereignty, national security, and territorial integrity.
References
Australian Bureau of Statistics. (2020, September 03). Australia's trade in goods with China in 2020. Retrieved 08 01, 2023, from ABS: https://www.abs.gov.au/articles/australias-trade-goods-china-2020#cite-window2
Australian Goverment. (2022, Juli). China country brief: Bilateral relation. Retrieved 07 30, 2023, from Australian Goverment: Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade: https://www.dfat.gov.au/geo/china/china-country-brief
Bakry, U. S. (2019). Dasar-dasar Hubungan Internasional (2nd ed.). Jakarta: Prenadamedia.
Bo, Z. (2014, Februari 11). The String of Pearls and the Maritime Silk Road. Retrieved 07 29, 2023, from China & US Focus: Foreign Policy: https://www.chinausfocus.com/foreign-policy/the-string-of-pearls-and-the-maritime-silk-road
Bowman, B., & Montgomery, M. (2021, September 27). Defense One: Ideas. Retrieved 09 19, 2023, from AUKUS: Good Goals, Bad Implementation: https://www.defenseone.com/ideas/2021/09/aukus-good-goals-bad-implementation/185652/
Burchill, S. (2005). The National Interest in International Relations Theory (1st ed.). New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
Callanan, T. (2021, April 22). What is China's Belt and Road Initiative and what were the four deals the federal goverment tore up. Retrieved 08 31, 2023, from ABC News: https://www.abc.net.au/news/2021-04-22/what-was-in-victoria-belt-and-road-deal-with-china/100086224
Collinson, E., & Nieuwenhuizen, S. v. (2007, Desember). Australia and the Belt and Road Initiative: A survey of developments 2013-November 2017. Broadway, New South Wales, Australia. Retrieved 08 16, 2023, from https://www.uts.edu.au/sites/default/files/201712%20Collinson%20and%20van%20Nieuwenhuizen_Australia%20and%20the%20Belt%20and%20Road%20Initiative%20-%20A%20survey%20of%20developments%202013-September%202017.pdf
Cuong, T. P., Tien, N. H., & Tai, V. P. (2023). The role of the AUKUS alliance in conterbalancing China. International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Growth Evaluation, 4(1), 51-58.
Darmawan, A. Z., & Karmilawaty, R. S. (2023). Proposal Nuclear Naval Propulsion dari Indonesia untuk PBB Sebagai Respons atas Dinamika Keamanan di Indo-Pasifik. BHUVANA: Journal of Global Studies, 1(1), 39-59. doi:https://doi.org/10.59408/bjgs.v1i1.46
Dev, A. (2022, April 27). China’s Rise and the Implications for the Indo-Pacific. Retrieved 07 29, 2023, from Obsever Research Foundation: Expert Speak: https://www.orfonline.org/expert-speak/chinas-rise-and-the-implications-for-the-indo-pacific/
Dziedzic, S. (2021, Oktober 20). Australia attacks China's policy of economic punishment at the WTO, accuses it of contravening rules. Retrieved 08 24, 2023, from ABC News: https://www.abc.net.au/news/2021-10-21/australia-wto-blasts-china-economic-punishment-retaliation/100555410
Dziedzic, S. (2021, April 23). Pemerintah Australia Batalkan Perjanjian Proyek Infrastruktur China di Negara Bagian Victoria. Retrieved 08 31, 2023, from ABC News: Bahasa Indonesia: https://www.abc.net.au/indonesian/2021-04-23/australia-batalkan-proyek-infrastruktur-china/100091320
Farr, M. (2020, April 22). Australian politics: Australian PM pushes for WHO overhaul including power to send in investigators. Retrieved 08 24, 2023, from The Guardian: https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2020/apr/22/australian-pm-pushes-for-who-overhaul-including-power-to-send-in-investigators
France24. (2021, April 21). france24.com: Live News. Retrieved 09 22, 2023, from Australia cancels state's Belt and Road deal with China`: https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20210421-australia-cancels-state-s-belt-and-road-deal-with-china
Ghosh, I. (2019, Oktober 12). The People’s Republic of China: 70 Years of Economic History. Retrieved 08 28, 2023, from Visual Capitalist: History: https://www.visualcapitalist.com/china-economic-growth-history/
Grant, S. (2022, November 6). China's rise supercharged Australia's economy. But now that's unravelling, and the Albanese government faces a serious challenge. Retrieved 08 22, 2023, from ABC News: https://www.abc.net.au/news/2022-11-06/china-rise-australia-economic-growth-albanese-hawke-lesson/101615854
Henderson, A. (2015, September 21). Malcolm Turnbull says China 'pushing the envelope' in South China Sea. Retrieved 08 24, 2023, from ABC News: https://www.abc.net.au/news/2015-09-21/china-is-pushing-the-envelope-in-south-china-sea-turnbull/6793102
Hendrarso, E. S. (2022). Penelitian Kualitatif: Sebuah Pengantar. In B. Suyanto, & Sutinah, Metode Penelitian Sosial: Berbagai Alternatif Pendekatan (3rd ed., pp. 165-175). Jakarta: Prenadamedia Group.
Hidayat, A. N. (2021, Juli 31). Meneropong Hubungan Masa Depan China-Australia. Retrieved 01 08, 2023, from publika.rmol.id: https://publika.rmol.id/read/2021/07/31/498715/meneropong-hubungan-masa-depan-china-australia
Jackson, R., & Sorensen, G. (2013). Pengantar Studi Hubungan Internasional. (D. Suryadipura, & P. Suyatiman, Trans.) Yogyakarta: Pustaka Pelajar.
Karp, P., & Davidson, H. (2020, April 29). Coronavirus: China bristles at Australia's call for investigation into coronavirus origin. Retrieved 08 24, 2023, from The Guardian: https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/apr/29/australia-defends-plan-to-investigate-china-over-covid-19-outbreak-as-row-deepens
Keohane, R. O. (1988). Neorealism and Neoliberalism. World Politics, 40(2), 235-251. doi:10.2307/2010363
Korwa, J. R., & Wambrauw, M. S. (2023). A Constructivist Analysis of the Establishment of the AUKUS Security Pact and its Implications for Regional Stability in the Indo-Pacific. Jurnal Hubungan Internasional, 16(1), 19-35.
Kuo, M. A. (2018, Januari 25). The Origin of ‘Indo-Pacific’ as Geopolitical Construct: Insights from Gurpreet Khurana. Retrieved 07 2023, 2023, from The Diplomat: Trans-Pasific View: https://thediplomat.com/2018/01/the-origin-of-indo-pacific-as-geopolitical-construct/
Laurenceson, J., & Collinson, E. (2019, April 25). Australia and The Belt and Road Initiative. Retrieved 08 16, 2023, from Australia-China Relation Institute: Research / ACRI Opinion: https://www.australiachinarelations.org/content/australia-and-belt-and-road-initiative
Lee, Y. N. (2019, September 23). Here are 4 charts that show China’s rise as a global economic superpower. Retrieved 08 28, 2023, from CNBC: China Economy: https://www.cnbc.com/2019/09/24/how-much-chinas-economy-has-grown-over-the-last-70-years.html
Macrotrends.net. (n.d.). U.S. GDP Growth Rate 1961-2023. Retrieved 08 28, 2023, from www.macrotrends.net: Economy: GDP Growth Rate: https://www.macrotrends.net/countries/USA/united-states/gdp-growth-rate
Martin, L. (2021, September 17). Experts say China trade sanctions over AUKUS deal unlikely, but flag long-term concerns. Retrieved 08 30, 2023, from ABC News: https://www.abc.net.au/news/2021-09-17/australia-aukus-subs-deal-unlikely-result-trade-sanctions/100469936
McDonald, J., & McGuirk, R. (2021, Mei 6). China suspends economic dialogue with Australia. Retrieved 08 25, 2023, from The Associated Press: https://apnews.com/article/china-australia-financial-markets-business-38uZAEr4UA7uUYqgCEsBEDJJRsnnsZ2dUt
Minister for Foreign Affairs of Australia. (2020). The Parliament of the Commonwealth of Australia 2019-2020: Senate. Retrieved 09 22, 2023, from Australia's Foreign Relation (State and Territory Arrangements) Bill 2020: https://www.foreignarrangements.gov.au/sites/default/files/2020-12/Australias_Foreign_Relations_State_and_Territory_Arrangements_Bill_2020.pdf
Morgenthau, H. J., & Thomson, K. W. (2010). Politik Antarbangsa (4th ed.). (S. Maimoen, A. M. Fatwan, & C. Sudrajat, Trans.) Jakarta: Yayasan Pustaka Obor Indonesia.
Observatory of Economic Complexity. (2023, May). oec.world. Retrieved 08 15, 2023, from Bilateral Countries: China-Australia: https://oec.world/en/profile/bilateral-country/chn/partner/aus
Parliament of Australia. (n.d.). About Parliament. Retrieved 08 14, 2023, from Australia's economic relationships with China: https://www.aph.gov.au/About_Parliament/Parliamentary_Departments/Parliamentary_Library/pubs/BriefingBook44p/China
Pedrason, R. (2021). Indo-Pasifik dalam perspektif geopolitik dan geostrategi. Journal homepage, 7(1), 88-95. doi: https://doi.org/10.29210/02021830
Raditio, K. (2016, April 18). Opinion: Between the South China Sea and human rights. Retrieved 08 24, 2023, from The University of Sydney: https://www.sydney.edu.au/news-opinion/news/2016/04/18/between-the-south-china-sea-and-human-rights0.html
Raihan. (2017). Metodologi Penelitian. Jakarta: Universitas Islam Jakarta.
Rosyidin, M. (2020). Teori Hubungan Internasional Dari Perspektif Klasik Sampai Non-Barat. (Y. S. Hayati, Ed.) Depok: Rajawali Pers.
State Council Information Office of the People’s Republic of China. (2019). China's National Defense in the New Era. Beijing: State Council Information Office of the People’s Republic of China. Retrieved 08 29, 2023, from https://english.www.gov.cn/archive/whitepaper/201907/24/content_WS5d3941ddc6d08408f502283d.html
State Council The People's Republik of China. (2011). China's Peaceful Development. Beijing: Information Offie of the State Council The People's Republik of China. Retrieved 08 28, 2023, from https://english.www.gov.cn/archive/white_paper/2014/09/09/content_281474986284646.htm
The Straits Times. (2014, November 19). Full text of Chinese President Xi Jinping's address to Australia's Parliament. Retrieved 08 16, 2023, from The Straits Times: https://www.straitstimes.com/asia/australianz/full-text-of-chinese-president-xi-jinpings-address-to-australias-parliament
The World Bank. (2023, April 20). Retrieved 08 14, 2023, from The World Bank in China: https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/china/overview
The World Bank. (2023). GDP Growth (Annual %) - China. Retrieved 08 15, 2023, from The World Bank: Data: https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.MKTP.KD.ZG?end=2022&locations=CN&start=2010&view=chart
Ulung, A. K. (2010, Oktober). Terbentuknya Pemahaman Intersubjektif Terhadap Kemajuan Cina di Kawasan Asia Pasifik. Skripsi.
Ulung, A. K. (2012). Kompleksitas Keamanan Asia Pasifik dan implikasinya Terhadap Transformasi Komitmen Pertahanan Amerika Serikat Pasca Perang Dingin. Tesis.
Ulung, A. K. (2023). Turning Ubud Into UNWTO's Prototype for a World Gastronomic Destination Through Gastrodiplomacy. Global: Jurnal Politik Internasional, 25(1), 1-26. doi:10.7464/global.v25i1.1261
Utami, S. T. (2022). Keamanan Regional Asia Tenggara Pasca Perjanjian AUKUS dan Implementasinya Pada Ketahanan Wilayah Indonesia. JURNAL KETAHANAN NASIONAL, 28(2), 199-221.
VOA Indonesia. (2021, April 22). Alasan Kepentingan Nasional, Australia Akhiri Kesepakatan dengan China. Retrieved 08 31, 2023, from VOA Indonesia: Asia Pasifik: https://www.voaindonesia.com/a/alasan-kepentingan-nasional-australia-akhiri-kesepakatan-dengan-china-/5862776.html
Walsh, M. (2021, Januari 3). Australia called for a COVID-19 probe. China responded with a trade war. Retrieved 08 24, 2023, from ABC News: https://www.abc.net.au/news/2021-01-03/heres-what-happened-between-china-and-australia-in-2020/13019242
Wang, Y. (2012). Australia-China Relation post 1949: Sixty Years of Trade and Politics. Burlington: Ashgate Publishing Company.
Worthington, B. (2020, April 19). Marise Payne calls for global inquiry into China's handling of the coronavirus outbreak. Retrieved 08 24, 2023, from ABC News: https://www.abc.net.au/news/2020-04-19/payne-calls-for-inquiry-china-handling-of-coronavirus-covid-19/12162968
Wu, Y. (2022, December 20). 50 Years of China-Australia Relations: Opportunities and Challenges. Retrieved 08 15, 2023, from China Briefing: from Dezan Shira and Associates: https://www.bing.com/search?q=chen+yuming+wikipedia%250d%250a&aqs=edge.7.69i64i450l8.2702560j0j4&FORM=ANAB01&PC=EDGEDB
Yadav, A. S. (2022). Indo-Pasifik: Sebuah Kontruksi Geopolitik. Jakarta: PT Elex Media Komputindo.
Yang, L. (2017). China–India Relations in the Contemporary World: Dynamics of national interest and identity. Abingdon & New York, Britania Raya & USA: Routledge.
Zhang, D. (2021). The Overland Belt: China's Belt and Road in the Pacific: implementation, motives and prospects. In J. C. Liow, H. Liu, & G. Xue, Research Handbook on the Belt and Road Initiative (pp. 254-264). Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing Limited.
Zhaokui, F. (2014, Oktober 21). What Are China’s Core Interests? Retrieved 08 28, 2023, from China & US Focus: Foreign Policy: https://www.chinausfocus.com/foreign-policy/what-are-chinas-core-interests-2
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2023 Fajar Oktavianto

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.